We will GREET the time.

Until two days ago, the only 'Greeters' I knew of were those irritating employees that used to lurk at the entrances of ASDA supermarkets, dishing out shopping baskets with enforced bonhomie and a kind of manically frozen grin, no doubt brought on by standing for hours in the draught of an automatic door.

I am now aware, however, that the term also refers to those performers who worked with Sir Philip Ben Greet, the actor and theatre entrepreneur who was a direct contemporary of the Bensons and, arguably, the closest thing to a rival to the Benson tradition in the provinces.  As a purveyor of Shakespeare in the era I'm researching he is potentially a very significant character. Although his activities were not confined to Shakespeare touring, his 'Woodland Players' (also sometimes referred to as 'Pastoral Players') were influential in bringing 'outdoor' Shakespeare to Edwardian Britain, followed by other companies such as Benson's and the Williams/Holme Summer touring company.

I knew a little about Ben Greet, mainly in connection with Granville Barker, Lillah McCarthy, H.B. Irving and Sybil Thorndyke.  I'd also read Don-John Dugas's book 'Shakespeare for Everyman' when it first came out which deals specifically with Greet's activities in America and Canada.  

There is only one other book about Greet - a self-published volume from 1964 called 'Ben Greet and the Old Vic: a biography of Ben Greet' by Winifred Isaac, which landed on my desk on Thursday of last week and has proved to be fascinating and frustrating in equal measures. 

I should've been warned, really.  Dugas summarises Isaac's book in one sentence: 'More interested in programme transcription than analysis, unedited, often failing to specify(let alone cite) its sources, lacking an index and self-published, it is as frustrating as it is scarce.'  Actually, I think he may have been understating some of the issues. And yet... there's gold hidden in there.

Although the title itself is completely misleading, the biggest problem with it is with the arrangement of material.  Having appealed for information from former Greeters (as Trewin also did with Bensonians) Isaac seems to have been completely overwhelmed by what she was given and has tried to impose some kind of order onto it.  Instead of treating the topic chronologically, she divides her book up into chapters on various aspects of Greet's career - as actor, actor-manager, in Stratford, at the Old Vic, in America, at Regent's Park. The result is like an overfilled tumble-drier muddle of unconnected garments that have somehow become tangled together.

Having tried to 'read' the book conventionally, I found it impossible to keep track of what was going on as Isaac jumps from 1887 to 1891 to 1916 and then back to 1901 listing performance after performance, with cast list after cast list. The only way of dealing with it has been to make copious notes as I'm going along and then start to collate them into some sort of chronological order so that I can see where the gaps are and start to plug them from the British Library Newspaper archive.

So that is how the Christmas holiday is shaping up for this Merry Shrew: armed with highlighters and a stack of coloured paper, I'm going to try and 'sort out' the career of Ben Greet in analogue form by the New Year into something I can actually use as part of my research.  

I suspect I may need a lot of chocolate...

Volumes that I prize...

I'm loving reading new things and  also revisiting some old favourites for the PhD work.  I was reading  J.C. Trewin's book again a couple of weeks ago, when I happened to look at the date inside the front cover.  I used to have the habit of putting the date and my name on the flyleaf whenever I bought a book, although I stopped doing it a while ago. This particular book is dated October 1994 and I can pinpoint the exact time and place where I bought it. 

There used to be an excellent (if rather expensive) second hand and antiquarian bookshop in Stratford, a couple of doors down from New Place, called David Vaughan Books.  We were in Stratford to see A Midsummer Night's Dream directed by Adrian Noble - a starry cast including Alex Jennings, Stella Gonet, Barry (now better known as Finbar) Lynch, Toby Stephens, Emma Fielding, Desmond Barrett and Philip Voss.  It was a magical production.  The trip was also memorable as the first time I visited the Shakespeare Centre reading rooms and spent a day looking for information about Henry Ainley.  The book was purchased with birthday money and, at that time, it was the most I'd ever spent on a book - £18.  

Another book I'm going back to this week is the one that started off this madness in the first place.  The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre by Ruth Ellis was bought in a second hand book shop in Harrogate in July of 1986, shortly before my first visit to Stratford.  It was here I first read about the Bensons.  

That first book led to years of hunting through second hand bookshops for hidden treasure, wherever we went, and then, much later, using ebay and Abe books trying to track down specific and sometime elusive titles. The magic of second hand books, bookshops and websites is in the serendipity of it, finding hidden and often unprepossessing gems in the most unlikely of places.  (I once bought a book by H.B. Irving that had definitely been gnawed by something rotent-y! There are clear teeth marks on the cover...) 

In Stratford, two weeks ago, I read a fabulous Post Graduate diploma dissertation by Mary Rose Allen, in which she had compared one of the prompt books to the Memorial Theatre edition of Hamlet and made some really interesting points about the performance texts the Bensons used. She included some information about the Memorial Editions - the fact that they were edited by Charles Flower, published by Jarrold and sold in the 'Reading Room' of the theatre (now the room off the Swan bar). I suddenly realised that the accounts entry - 'Dream books' - for one of the visits to Sunderland would have been for sales of the single play edition. 

I hadn't really thought about Flower's texts being a basis for Benson productions.  However, for some plays, added to the repertory after being 'The Birthday Play' in Stratford, it was the most likely blueprint for the cuts and rearrangements which were made.

On the journey home, pondering over this, I remembered that I'd seen several volumes on ebay, ages ago, part of a collected edition.  A quick hunt through the listings and I found they were still there - five volumes out of the eight which formed the 'Collected Edition', half-bound in leather, at (incredibly) £6.99 each.  I  ordered three of them, which covered many of the plays I'm most interested in, although I felt bad about leaving the other two behind and almost immediately wished I'd bought all five.  By the next morning, I was on the verge of adding the other two to the order, when I had a message from the seller who said he was having difficulty locating them in his recently-renovated house.

My heart sank - I've had a couple of disappointments with ebay purchases which have started out with such a message, only for it to transpire that the article in question has already been sold or has been 'lost in the post'... However, after a day or two a further message arrived, headed 'Success!'  (The seller had, apparently, asked his wife to search for them and she'd found them within an hour... I have no comment to make on this!!!)  and the seller very kindly offered to send the remaining two volumes free of charge to make up for the delay. 

So I now have all five, in really excellent condition: they look virtually unread. They are going to be useful in the next couple of years, but they are fascinating in their own right, to see what was considered appropriate or inappropriate on stage in 1898.  

And, of course, I now have a new second hand book quest - to try and find a copy of volumes 3, 7 and 8 from somewhere...! 

The squirrel's hoard...

 

Stratford in the Autumn is always lovely, particularly when the weather is as kind as it was on Monday and Tuesday of last week.  After a nightmare journey during which delays and severely overcrowded trains led to missed connections and my intended arrival time of 5.30pm became 7.45pm, it was a relief to step out on Monday morning to this gloriously blue sky.   I'd travelled on Sunday to maximise time to research and offset the more expensive accommodation costs of Monday and Tuesday nights with a bargain Sunday stay and, on the whole, it was worth the extra effort.  Engineering on the East Coast mainline all weekend had threatened a lengthy bus replacement journey and so I opted for travel to Carlisle and then onto Birmingham - a trip that costs approximately half the cost of a CrossCountry train from Newcastle to Birmingham... a cost fully re-imbursed without question thanks to 'Delay Repay'! 

Monday was spent in the Shakespeare Institute Library which is an absolute delight: space, silence, helpful librarians and things one just can't get anywhere else! Working from 10 till 4, I accessed several books that have eluded me over the years and also a dissertation that I needed to look at and which opened up a few more lines of enquiry for further visits.

Tuesday and Wednesday morning were spent in the more familiar surroundings Shakespeare Birthplace Archives where I'd asked to see the boxes of material connected to W.H. Savery, the former business manager and sometime partner of the Bensons.  

There are several large boxes which have been loosely organised into themes, but there is no catalogue listing of what is in each box, so it really felt like a bit of a treasure hunt.  Some of it was not really useful to me - Savery remained connected to the Memorial Theatre long after Benson left in 1919 - but all of it was fascinating, particularly the material connected to the laying of the foundations of the new theatre and its subsequent opening.

As always, time went quickly, and although there were sparks coming off the paper I was writing so fast, there remains one (very large!) unopened box which I still need to explore the next time I'm there in February.

 I've come home with around 60 pages of handwritten (scribbled!) notes which I'm gradually deciphering and expanding, with several things I'm already following up in the British Newspaper Archive.  

One of them concerns the Coronet Theatre in Notting Hill where the Bensons had a regular four week season, supported by subscription bookings.  As I went through the contents of Box 2, I found a stack of typed and handwritten letters going back and forth between  W. H. Savery and Henry Tossell, the Company's representative in London, concerning the rather dubious financial activities of the theatre's Lessee, one John Halpin.  

Because of the way the letters had been arranged in the folder, the most recent was on the top so I effectively discovered the story in reverse order.  The first letter confirmed the cancellation of the Coronet season for 1912 which came as something of a surprise - the Company generally did well out of the season and it provided a London showcase for their productions (albeit away from the West End).

Letter followed letter, criss-crossing between London, Liverpool and Birmingham through the middle of October, (Company headed notepaper contained the sub-headings 'This week' and 'Next week' on the address side!) much the way that emails do today.  Tossell's letters were typed, but several of Savery's were handwritten - he had very even and readable handwriting, thankfully!  and between them they reveal an attempt to defraud the Benson Company of advance bookings.

Savery was initially concerned at the way Halpin - who only held a six month lease on the theatre - wanted to handle all the subscription booking through his own box office.  The Company offered good discounts for patrons who booked across all ten productions in the season and, generally, the money for these would be placed in a separate joint account, set up by the Company and the Theatre, to be kept separate from general box office takings.  Halpin had initially agreed to these terms but then become difficult, saying his 'Directors' would not countenance such an agreement. In addition, Savery discovered Halpin was offering the Company's tickets at a further reduced price as part of his own 'subscription season'.  

"It shows there is some shady business behind everything(...)" Savery wrote to Tossell on October 16th.  "It all proves he wants absolute cash in his hands and this would never do. (...)  I like Halpin's sauce in saying the agreement must lapse unless we stand to arrangements made. He is the one not sticking to arrangements..."

Tossell agreed: "It is perfectly obvious that he does not want to agree to this in order that our advance bookings may be at his disposal."  

By doing a bit of digging through accounting and legal channels,  Savery  discovered that the 'Directors' were actually just Halpin himself and a sleeping partner friend, that Halpin was in serious financial difficulty and that he had set up John Halpin Ltd whilst still an undischarged bankrupt as a result of a previous theatrical endeavour which had collapsed.

Halpin, in the meantime, stopped replying to letters and did not appear at prearranged meetings with Tossell, claiming illness.  Savery then took the decision to cancel the season, writing to the 'Committee' of supporters - some 220+ people - to explain that due to "an inability to agree to terms", the season would not be going ahead, even though the publicity materials had all been printed.

Savery's instincts were proved entirely right. By December, Halpin was up in court, having been arrested for 'non-compliance' with a court order to hand over box office funds in lieu of rent, the theatre landlord having started proceedings against him.  Halpin again pleaded illness for his delay and was released. The theatre was forced to close through lack of funds in February 1912 and by April, 'John Halpin Ltd' had been declared bankrupt.   Halpin's expenditure on the theatre had been greater than he had expected and the costs for the lavish pantomime 'Babes in the Wood' had not been recovered through ticket sales. At its winding up, the liabilities of the company stood at £2,762 and its assets, which included the office furniture, were only worth £164. 

From the details in The Stage and The Era, it seems as if Halpin was more a chancer than a rogue: he found work quickly as Company Manager for a touring company and continued in that role until his sudden death from consumption in 1916.

Savery found alternative dates for the Benson Company in February 1912 and when they returned to the Coronet  in October 1912, it was under new management, sub-let to Messers Murray King and Clarke by lessee W.H. Savery! 

J.C. Trewin wrote Savery's obituary when he died, aged 81:  "Probably he knew and kept more secrets than anyone in that organisation [The Memorial Theatre] (...) Frank Benson, with his charming vagueness about expenditure, owed a great deal to Bill's financial knowledge. Time and again, Savery was able to ease FRB through periods of stress with (...) charm and understanding."  Birmingham Post 11/8/1960

Having spent so much time 'with' the man last week, I have a great deal of admiration for him - and am very grateful for his hoarding instincts!

Safe in a ditch...?

It is safe to say that this week has not worked out as I expected it to.  I had great plans to visit Sunderland University Library on Wednesday to do a lot of writing and quite a bit of reading.  Only I reckoned without the Gas Board who, in the process of digging up my little quiet terraced street to lay new gas mains, also went a bit 'gung-ho' with my front path and effectively barricaded me in by digging a two-foot deep hole directly outside my front door... without telling me!

As if that wasn't enough, my existing gas pipe was inspected, deemed unacceptably narrow - 3/4 inch rather than 1 inch - and there was talk of having to drill a hole in the outside wall - which necessitated me moving a bookcase (and the 70 books that live on it) and quite a bit of Shakespeare memorabilia which is in the porch.  It appears now that the issue wasn't quite as bleak as was painted and the bookcase could've stayed put...

The gas workers hadn't brought any boards to cover the hole (!?) and they made the very unhelpful suggestion that I use the back door instead.  Since access to my backdoor is down a dimly-lit back lane, where ghoulies and ghosties are known to lurk, I decided to wait till the coast was clear and then embrace my inner FRB. Thinking of his pole-vaulting into Harfleur in Henry V, I valiantly 'jumped' the space (having first removed the hurdles - I know my limitations!) to make my escape.

Unable to settle to anything with all this going on, my blissful writing day evaporated into indulgence in much comfort food and whinging to anyone who would listen to my woes.

Two days on, my gas is currently disconnected and I'm sitting feeling sorry for myself whilst hoping someone will come and fit the new pipe back to the meter...

A somewhat larger hole is also preventing me from reaching my garden which is directly opposite my house. The sharp-eyed may notice some vulgar (and non-Shakespearean!) graffiti added by local youths, I suspect, which appropriately sums up how I feel about the whole situation this week... 

I had started to write a much nicer post about books and another one about Garnet Holme, but they will have to wait till the crisis is over and I can at least put the heating on again!

Confined to barracks, I've created a little Bensonian corner with copies of a few postcards on one of the cupboard doors next to my desk.  The hope is that the Bensons and Bensonians will smile down at me when I'm feeling 'in despair with fortune.'  

Seriously hoping for some better days next week...!

Much matter to be heard and learn'd...

I am recently returned from Birmingham and Stratford, having spent a week attending the induction for the PhD course, with all the anxiety and excitement which inevitably goes along with such a thing.  On balance, the excitement has been foremost, revolving around finally setting foot inside the Shakespeare Institute, being able to talk about Benson to my heart's content, having a full week to think exclusively about what it is I'm trying to/want to do and of course, the joys of being able to use a University Library again.  

Dashing though to Stratford last Monday, I managed to squeeze in a brief visit to 'The Play's the Thing' exhibition, which changes some of its exhibits each year around the end of March.  I was keen to see if there was a 'new' Benson costume, and was delighted to see that it was the red Lady Macbeth dress I'd missed the last time it was on display, along with a sumptuous red velvet cloak.  Sadly, the label was entirely wrong - it actually referred to the pink and purple dress which was displayed two years ago - and I found myself feeling a tad indignant on CB's behalf: how much more effort would it have taken to create the right label? And does no one ever check these things?

So, to keep the record straight, this is the description of the costume from 'Stage Costumes and Accessories in the London Museum' by M. R. Holmes, published by HMSO in 1968.

Dress of deep red silk, with full skirt and very wide bell sleeves gathered into a body made of oriental brocade and three horizontal bands of green silk and gold braid.  Sleeves edged with gold fringe.  Long train of vermillion velvet lined with yellow silk and augmented with elaborate gold embroidery and jewels.  Worn by Constance Benson in the Banquet scene.

This costume was actually chosen as the frontispiece of the catalogue - the ONLY colour plate in the volume - and Holmes writes about it more fully in his introduction. He begins by referencing the fire in Newcastle and then continues:

"Irving was touring in America, but cabled his agents and had baskets of rich dresses and materials sent from his own store, and one of Constance Benson's dresses as Lady Macbeth shows what ingenious use was made of them.  In the banquet scene of the third act, she wore a magnificent mantle of vermillion velvet, rich with embroidery and jewels, and with it, a gown made by combining a bodice made of rich-looking oriental fabric with sleeves and a skirt of deep red silk.  The two make an impressive and harmonious whole and it is only a detailed scrutiny of the embroidery on the mantle that reveals it as having been intended originally for a court train of the [French] First Empire, presumably in the scene of the Napoleonic reception in Madame Sans-Gene which Irving had produced a little before [in 1897], but was not likely to revive."

Brackets are my additions.  

My photographs suffer from the usual light glare on glass - it was a very sunny day and the Benson window was positively glowing! - and I was very aware that I was running late for getting food and catching my train back so they are not quite as crisp or detailed as I  would have liked.  

 

 

I returned to Stratford on Friday for the Shakespeare Institute Induction day, one of the highlights of which was a tour of the absolutely wonderful library! I'm now plotting and planning a return in order to browse the shelves at greater leisure.  

My tables...

As promised, a little more information about the spreadsheet of performers I posted last week:

Benson Company sample performer spreadsheet

I've used the casting from the Stratford upon Avon Festival performances, as catalogued by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust and I've added in casting from the London 1900 season and the 1913/14 North American tour, both of which can be found in the appendices in J.C. Trewin's Benson and the Bensonians.  

The Stratford dates, in particular, also cover guest appearances, often by 'Old Bensonians' who came back to slot into productions alongside the regular cast.  Where this appears to be the case I've marked their entry with an asterisk after the name.  Other 'special guests' include performers such as Johnston Forbes Robertson, Herbert Beerbohm Tree and Ellen Terry who were never members of the Benson Company.

Sheet 1 lists the performances for each season along with the performers who appeared, with FRB and CB first and then others arranged in alphabetical order, with the parts they played.  I've separated out performers who were listed as only appearing once in the season into a separate alphabetical sequence.  Often these are people local to Stratford who might appear in small or 'thinking' roles. They also include some 'faux' performers - the company often doubled roles using different names, the most famous being 'Walter Plinge' (and at times, his extended family!). Some, like B.Righton and M.Argate are clearly intended as puns - my favourite so far has to be L.Oakel - but others which are less conspicuous such as 'Mr James' 'Mr Sherrard' also appear frequently. Trewin makes it clear that these names could be inter-changeable between performers, making it difficult to identify how role-doubling worked in performance.

Sheet 2 takes performers who appear in at least two seasons with the Principal Company and lists their roles chronologically.  The intention here is to show some degree of career progression and the range of roles undertaken by each person both within any given season and across seasons. Again, an asterisk implies a guest role.

(I am intending that Sheet 3, which is currently blank, will provide some basic biographical information for each of these performers - I'm still working on this at the moment!)

The information is, inevitably, very Stratford-centric at the moment, which isn't necessarily reflective of the Company on tour across the provinces.  As I come across casting - either on programmes or in reviews - I will add to this.  I also want to extend the casting to later iterations of the company and expand it to cover the North and South Companies where possible.  

A surprise popped up on my Facebook page this week - a publicity postcard advertising the appearance of Oscar Asche and Lily Brayton at the King's Theatre in Sunderland.  Now long gone - as is Crowtree Road where it stood and the 1970s leisure centre that replaced it - the site is today part of the Bridges  shopping centre , having been badly damaged in an air raid during the Second World War.                                          

Kings Theatre in the centre of the picture with the dome of the Londonderry pub - now the Peacock - clearly visible at the end of the street.

O Time...

Slightly off topic this morning... looking at Osmond Tearle's touring in the 1870s through the old pages of the Era, I came across one of those fabulous stories that just have to be shared.

It concerns Tearle's business manager, Walter Hastings, and is only funny because it could have been tragic:

The photograph is of Ayr's town hall clock - presumably the culprit!